“Initialization” is used to enter the values for time interval and final time. Pharmacokinetic models can be written using this interface consisting of three folder tabs, namely, “Initialization”, “State variables” and “Parameters”. A flowchart of pharmacokinetic modeling using XlSimEst is shown in Figure 3.īy clicking button in the command bar, users will be prompted to specify a desired application (either simulation or parameter estimation), and to input the model ( Figure 4). The add-in program “XlSimEst” appears as four buttons (command bars) in the region under Add-Ins tab in MS Excel after a quick installation, as illustrated in Figure 2. C1, C2 and C3 are drug concentrations in the different compartments.
WINNONLIN โปรแกรม SOFTWARE
Furthermore, the increased speed of the computer’s processors has allowed many more scientists the freedom to simultaneously analyze concentration data (PK) as well as response data (PD) on their personal computers, as most PCs are fast enough to run PK software packages compared to 30 years ago when these PK software packages were often installed on dedicated PK computers or mainframes.įigure 1: The one-, two-, three-compartment models describing plasma concentration-time profiles following intravenous bolus are written in the form of differential equations. Consequently, these improvements in conjunction with improvements in the analytical analysis of systemic drug concentrations and the capturing of pharmacodynamic parameters have led to a much better understanding of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs during drug development.
Complex PK/PD and PBPK models are being elaborated today, where they would have been impossible to apply 30 years ago due to the slow computation time (months) in order to obtain parameters. The improvements in computing have allowed for the estimation of pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters from increasingly complex PK/PD models. Phoenix Winnonlin User Guide Performing reference scaled average bioequivalence rsabe in phoenix winnonlin. It is important to know the software requirements in order to properly choose the software that is most appropriate for the computer that will run the software packages. Accordingly, some software may only work in a Windows-based operating system (OS) while others may have been designed to work in Windows, Apple OS, or Linux. The computer’s operating system must support the computer language of the software in order for this software to function properly. The increased speed of computers as well as their storage capacity has led to the development of numerous computer software programs that now allow for the rapid solution of complicated pharmacokinetic equations and rapid modeling of pharmacokinetic processes.Īt its core, a software program is a set of instructions written in a computer language. Therefore, mathematical computation time has dramatically shortened over the same period of time. Computer speed and storage capacity have doubled approximately every 2 years over the last 40 years (Keyes 2006).
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